Fanuc 16/18 TB Operators manuel
Fanuc 16TB, 18 TB Operators manuel
DEFINITION OF WARNING, CAUTION, AND NOTE
This manual includes safety precautions for protecting the user and preventing damage to the machine. Precautions are classified into Warning and Caution according to their bearing on safety. Also, supplementary information is described as a Note. Read the Warning, Caution, and Note thoroughly before attempting to use the machine.
WARNING
Applied when there is a danger of the user being injured or when there is a danger of both the user being injured and the equipment being damaged if the approved procedure is not observed.
CAUTION
Applied when there is a danger of the equipment being damaged if the approved procedure is not observed.
NOTE
The Note is used to indicate supplementary information other than Warning and Caution.
GENERAL WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS
WARNING
1. Never attempt to machine a workpiece without first checking the operation of the machine. Before starting a production run, ensure that the machine is operating correctly by performing a trial run using, for example, the single block, feedrate override, or machine lock function or by operating the machine with neither a tool nor workpiece mounted. Failure to confirm the correct operation of the machine may result in the machine behaving unexpectedly, possibly causing damage to the workpiece and/or machine itself, or injury to the user.
2. Before operating the machine, thoroughly check the entered data. Operating the machine with incorrectly specified data may result in the machine behaving unexpectedly, possibly causing damage to the workpiece and/or machine itself, or injury to the user.
3. Ensure that the specified feedrate is appropriate for the intended operation. Generally, for each machine, there is a maximum allowable feedrate. The appropriate feedrate varies with the intended operation. Refer to the manual provided with the machine to determine the maximum allowable feedrate. If a machine is run at other than the correct speed, it may behave unexpectedly, possibly causing damage to the workpiece and/or machine itself, or injury to the user.
4. When using a tool compensation function, thoroughly check the direction and amount of compensation. Operating the machine with incorrectly specified data may result in the machine behaving unexpectedly, possibly causing damage to the workpiece and/or machine itself, or injury to the user.
5. The parameters for the CNC and PMC are factory-set. Usually, there is no need to change them. When, however, there is no alternative other than to change a parameter, ensure that you fully understand the function of the parameter before making any change. Failure to set a parameter correctly may result in the machine behaving unexpectedly, possibly causing damage to the workpiece and/or machine itself, or injury to the user.
6. Immediately after switching on the power, do not touch any of the keys on the MDI panel until the position display or alarm screen appears on the CNC unit. Some of the keys on the MDI panel are dedicated to maintenance or other special operations. Pressing any of these keys may place the CNC unit in other than its normal state. Starting the machine in this state may cause it to behave unexpectedly.
7. The operator's manual and programming manual supplied with a CNC unit provide an overall description of the machine's functions, including any optional functions. Note that the optional functions will vary from one machine model to another. Therefore, some functions described in the manuals may not actually be available for a particular model. Check the specification of the machine if in doubt.
8. Some functions may have been implemented at the request of the machine-tool builder. When using such functions, refer to the manual supplied by the machine-tool builder for details of their use and any related cautions.
NOTE
Programs, parameters, and macro variables are stored in nonvolatile memory in the CNC unit. Usually, they are retained even if the power is turned off. Such data may be deleted inadvertently, however, or it may prove necessary to delete all data from nonvolatile memory as part of error recovery. To guard against the occurrence of the above, and assure quick restoration of deleted data, backup all vital data, and keep the backup copy in a safe place.
WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS RELATED TO PROGRAMMING
This section covers the major safety precautions related to programming. Before attempting to perform programming, read the supplied operator's manual and programming manual carefully such that you are fully familiar with their contents.
WARNING
1. Coordinate system setting
If a coordinate system is established incorrectly, the machine may behave unexpectedly as a result of the program issuing an otherwise valid move command. Such an unexpected operation may damage the tool, the machine itself, the workpiece, or cause injury to the user.
2. Positioning by nonlinear interpolation
When performing positioning by nonlinear interpolation (positioning by nonlinear movement between the start and end points), the tool path must be carefully confirmed before performing programming. Positioning involves rapid traverse. If the tool collides with the workpiece, it may damage the tool, the machine itself, the workpiece, or cause injury to the user.
3. Function involving a rotation axis
When programming polar coordinate interpolation or normal-direction (perpendicular) control, pay careful attention to the speed of the rotation axis. Incorrect programming may result in the rotation axis speed becoming excessively high, such that centrifugal force causes the chuck to lose its grip on the workpiece if the latter is not mounted securely. Such mishap is likely to damage the tool, the machine itself, the workpiece, or cause injury to the user.
4. Inch/metric conversion
Switching between inch and metric inputs does not convert the measurement units of data such as the workpiece origin offset, parameter, and current position. Before starting the machine, therefore, determine which measurement units are being used. Attempting to perform
5. Constant surface speed control When an axís subject to constant surface speed control approaches the origin of the workpíece coordinate system, the spindle speed may bеcome excessívely hígh. Therefore, ít ís necessary to specífy a maximum allowable speed. specifyíng the maximum allowable speed incorrectly may damage the tool, the machine itself, the workpiece, or cause ínjury to the user.
I apologize for the oversight. Here's the corrected text, including point 5:
6. Stroke check
After switching on the power, perform a manual reference position return as required. Stroke
check is not possible before manual reference position return is performed. Note that when stroke
check is disabled, an alarm is not issued even if a stroke limit is exceeded, possibly damaging
the tool, the machine itself, the workpiece, or causing injury to the user.
7. Tool post interference check
A tool post interference check is performed based on the tool data specified during automatic
operation. If the tool specification does not match the tool actually being used, the interference
check cannot be made correctly, possibly damaging the tool or the machine itself, or causing
injury to the user.
After switching on the power, or after selecting a tool post manually, always start automatic
operation and specify the tool number of the tool to be used.
8. Absolute/incremental mode
If a program created with absolute values is run in incremental mode, or vice versa, the machine
may behave unexpectedly.
9. Plane selection
If an incorrect plane is specified for circular interpolation, helical interpolation, or a canned cycle,
the machine may behave unexpectedly. Refer to the descriptions of the respective functions for
details.
10. Torque limit skip
Before attempting a torque limit skip, apply the torque limit. If a torque limit skip is specified
without the torque limit actually being applied, a move command will be executed without
performing a skip.
11. Programmable mirror image
Note that programmed operations vary considerably when a programmable mirror image is
enabled.
12. Compensation function
If a command based on the machine coordinate system or a reference position return command
is issued in compensation function mode, compensation is temporarily canceled, resulting in the
unexpected behavior of the machine.
Before issuing any of the above commands, therefore, always cancel compensation function
mode.
This manual consists of the following parts:
I. GENERAL
- Describes chapter organization, applicable models, related manuals, and notes for reading this manual.
II. PROGRAMMING
- Describes each function: Format used to program functions in the NC language, characteristics, and restrictions. When a program is created through conversational automatic programming function, refer to the manual for the conversational automatic programming function (Table 1).
III. OPERATION
- Describes the manual operation and automatic operation of a machine, procedures for inputting and outputting data, and procedures for editing a program.
IV. MAINTENANCE
- Describes procedures for replacing batteries.
APPENDIX
- Lists tape codes, valid data ranges, and error codes.
Some functions described in this manual may not be applied to some products. For detail, refer to the DESCRIPTIONS manual (B-b3522EN).
Applicable models:
This manual does not describe parameters in detail. For details on parameters mentioned in this manual, refer to the manual for parameters (B-b3530EN).
This manual describes all optional functions. Look up the options incorporated into your system in the manual written by the machine tool builder.
GENERAL FLOW OF OPERATION OF CNC MACHINE TOOL
When machining the part using the CNC machine tool, first prepare the program, then operate the CNC machine by using the program.
1) First, prepare the program from a part drawing to operate the CNC machine tool. How to prepare the program is described in Chapter II. PROGRAMMING.
2) The program is to be read into the CNC system. Then, mount the workpieces and tools on the machine, and operate the tools according to the programming. Finally, execute the machining actually. How to operate the CNC system is described in Chapter III. OPERATION.
Before the actual programming, make the machining plan for how to machine the part.
Machining plan:
1. Determination of workpieces machining range
2. Method of mounting workpieces on the machine tool
3. Machining sequence in every cutting process
4. Cutting tools and cutting conditions
Decide the cutting method in every cutting process.
FEED FUNCTION
Movement of the tool at a specified speed for cutting a workpiece is called the feed. Feedrates can be specified by using actual numerics. For example, the following command can be used to feed the tool 2 mm while the workpiece makes one turn: F2.0. The function of deciding the feed rate is called the feed function (See II-5).
Reference Position (Machine-Specific Position)
Explanations:
A CNC machine tool is provided with a fixed position. Normally, tool change and programming of absolute zero point as described later are performed at this position. This position is called the reference position.
The tool can be moved to the reference position in two ways:
1. Manual reference position return (See III-3.1)
Reference position return is performed by manual button operation.
2. Automatic reference position return (See III-6)
In general, manual reference position return is performed first after the power is turned on. In order to move the tool to the reference position for tool change thereafter, the function of automatic reference position return is used.
Item 16—TB, 16—TB, 160—TB
1-B0 (two-path control)
Number of basic 2 axes 2 axes for each tool post
controlled axes (4 axes in total)
Controlled axis expansion Max. 8 axes Max. 8 axes for each tool
(total) (Included in Cs axis) post (Included in Cs axis)
(Note)
Number of basic simulta- 2 axes 2 axes for each tool post
neously controlled axes (4 axes in total)
Simultaneously controlled Max. 6 axes Max. 6 axes for each tool
axis expansion (total) post
The table above lists the number of controlled axes of one-path control and two-CPU two-path control. For the number of controlled axes of one-CPU two-path control and two-CPU three-path control, refer to the specifications.
The names of two basic axes are always X and Z; the names of additional axes can be optionally selected from A, B, C, U, V, W, and Y by using parameter No. 1020. Each axis name is determined according to parameter No. 1020. If the parameter specifies 0 or anything other than the nine letters, the axis name defaults to a number from 1 to 8. With two-path control, the names of two basic axes for one tool post are always X and Z; the names of additional axes can be optionally selected from A, B, C, U, V, W, and Y by using parameter No. 1020. For one tool post, the same axis name cannot be assigned to multiple axes, but the same axis name can be used with the other tool post.
The increment system consists of the least input increment (for input) and least command increment (for output). The least input increment is the least increment for programming the travel distance. The least command increment is the least increment for moving the tool on the machine. Both increments are represented in mm, inches, or degrees.
The increment system is classified into IS-B and IS-C (Tables 2.3 (a) and 2.3 (b)). Select IS-B or IS-C using bit 1 (ISC) of parameter 1004. When the IS-C increment system is selected, it is applied to all axes, and the 1/10 increment system option is required. The setting of parameter ISC (No. 1004#4) is valid for all axes. When IS-C is selected, for example, the setting units for all axes are IS-C.
Explanations:
1. If the CNC enters the clear state (see bit 6 (CLR) of parameter 3402) when the power is turned on or the CNC is reset, the modal G codes change as follows:
(1) G codes marked in Table 3 are enabled.
(2) When the system is cleared due to power-on or reset, whichever specified, either G20 or G21 remains effective.
(3) Bit 7 of parameter No. 3402 can be used to specify whether G22 or G23 is selected upon power-on. Resetting the CNC to the clear state does not affect the selection of G22 or G23.
(4) Setting bit 0 (G01) of parameter 3402 determines which code, either G00 or G01, is effective.
(5) When G code system B or C is used, setting bit 3 (G91) of parameter 3402 determines which code, either G90 or G91, is effective.
2. G codes of group 00 except G10 and G11 are single-shot G codes.
3. P/S alarm (No. 010) is displayed when a G code not listed in the G code list is specified or a G code without a corresponding option is specified.
4. G codes of different groups can be specified in the same block. If G codes of the same group are specified in the same block, the G code specified last is valid.
5. If a G code of group 01 is specified in a canned cycle, the canned cycle is canceled in the same way as when a G80 command is specified. G codes of group 01 are not affected by G codes for specifying a canned cycle.
6. When G code system A is used, absolute or incremental programming is specified not by a G code (G90/G91) but by an address word (X/U, Z/W, C/H, Y/V). When G code system A is used for a drilling cycle, only the initial level is provided at the return point.
7. G codes are displayed for each group number.
Please configure the opposite direction between the angular axis (Y) and the perpendicular axis (X) to align with the direction of single-direction positioning. If the positioning direction of the perpendicular axis (X) is negative, and the positioning direction of the angular axis (Y) is positive, the motion of each axis is as follows.
In helical interpolation, when pulses are distributed with one of the circular interpolation axes set to a hypothetical axis, sine interpolation is enabled. When one of the circular interpolation axes is set to a hypothetical axis, pulse distribution causes the speed of movement along the remaining axis to change sinusoidally. If the major axis for threading (the axis along which the machine travels the longest distance) is set to a hypothetical axis, threading with a fractional lead is enabled. The axis to be set as the hypothetical axis is specified with G07.
In addition to cutting equal-lead straight threads, tapered screws and scroll threads can be cut using a G32 command. The spindle speed is read from the position coder on the spindle in real-time and converted to a cutting feed rate for feed-per-minute mode, which is used to move the tool
In general, thread cutting is repeated along the same tool path in rough cutting through finish cutting for a screw. Since thread cutting starts when the position coder mounted on the spindle outputs a 1-turn signal, threading is started at a fixed point and the tool path on the workpiece is unchanged for repeated thread cutting. Note that the spindle speed must remain constant from rough cutting through finish cutting. If not, incorrect thread lead will occur.
4.11 CONTINUOUS THREAD CUTTING
This function for continuous thread cutting is such that fractional pulses output to a joint between move blocks are overlapped with the next move for pulse processing and output (block overlap). Therefore, discontinuous machining sections caused by the interruption of move during continuously block machining are eliminated, thus making it possible to continuously direct the block for thread cutting instructions. Since the system is controlled in such a manner that the synchronism with the spindle does not deviate in the joint between blocks wherever possible, it is possible to perform special thread cutting operation in which the lead and shape change midway.
4.14 SKIP FUNCTION
Linear interpolation can be commanded by specifying axial move following the G31 command, like G01. If an external skip signal is input during the execution of this command, execution of the command is interrupted and the next block is executed. The skip function is used when the end of machining is not programmed but specified with a signal from the machine, for example, in grinding. It is used also for measuring the dimensions of a workpiece. For details of how to use this function, refer to the manual supplied by the machine tool builder.
4.15 MULTISTAGE SKIP
In a block specifying P1 to P4 after G31, the multistage skip function stores coordinates in a custom macro variable when a skip signal (4-point or 8-point; 8-point when a high-speed skip signal is used) is turned on. Then, the function skips the entire amount of remaining movement. In a block specifying Q1 to Q4 after G04, the function skips a dwell when a skip signal (4-point or 8-point; 8-point when a high-speed skip signal is used) is turned on. A skip signal from equipment such as a fixed-dimension size measuring instrument can be used to skip programs being executed. In plunge grinding, for example, a series of operations from rough machining to spark-out can be performed automatically by applying a skip signal each time rough machining, semi-fine machining, fine-machining, or spark-out operation is completed. For details of how to use this function, refer to the manuals supplied by the machine tool builder.
Multistage skip is caused by specifying P1, P2, P3, or P4 in a G31 block. For an explanation of selecting (P1, P2, P3, or P4), refer to the manual supplied by the machine tool builder. Specifying Q1, Q2, Q3, or Q4 in G04 (dwell command) enables dwell skip in a similar way to specifying G31. A skip may occur even if Q is not specified. For an explanation of selecting (Q1, Q2, Q3, or Q4), refer to the manual supplied by the machine tool builder. Parameter Nos. 6202 to 6205 can be used to specify whether the 4-point or 8-point skip signal is used (when a high-speed skip signal is used). Specification is not limited to one-to-one correspondence. It is possible to specify that one skip signal corresponds to two or more Pn's or Qn's (n=1, 2, 3, 4). Also, bits 0 (DS1) to 7 (DS8) of parameter No. 6206 can be used to specify dwell.
Torque limit skip
Wíth the motor torque límíted (for example, by a torque límit command,
issued through the PMC wíndow), a move command followíng G31 P99
(oг G31 P98) can cause the same type of cutting feed as wíth GO1 (línear
ínterpolatíon).
Wíth the issue of a signal índícatíng a torque límít has been reached
(because of pressure being applied or for some other reason), a skíp
occurs.
For detaíls of how to use thís functíon, refer to the manuals supplied by the machine tool buílder.
The positioning command (Ø) positions the tool by rapid traverse. In rapid traverse, the next block is executed after the specified feedrate becomes 0 and the servo motor reaches a certain range set by the machine tool builder (in-position check). A rapid traverse rate is set for each axis by parameter No. 1420, so no rapid traverse feedrate need be programmed. The following overrides can be applied to a rapid traverse rate with the switch on the machine operator's panel: F0, 25, 50, 100%. F0: Allows a fixed feedrate to be set for each axis by parameter No. 1421. For detailed information, refer to the appropriate manual of the machine tool builder.
Positioning to the intermediate or reference positions is performed at the rapid traverse rate of each axis. Therefore, for safety, the tool nose radius compensation and tool offset should be canceled before executing this command. In a system without an absolute-position detector, the first, third, and fourth reference position return functions can be used only after the reference position return (G28) or manual reference position return (see III-3.1) is made. The G30 command is generally used when the automatic tool changer (ATC) position differs from the reference position.
The G27 command positions the tool at rapid traverse rate. If the tool reaches the reference position, the reference position return lamp lights up. However, if the position reached by the tool is not the reference position, an alarm (No. 092) is displayed. The lamp for indicating the completion of return does not go on when the machine lock is turned on, even when the tool has automatically returned to the reference position. In this case, it is not checked whether the tool has returned to the reference position even when a G27 command is specified.
When the G28 command is specified and manual return to the reference position has not been performed after the power has been turned on, the movement from the intermediate point is the same as in manual return to the reference position. In this case, the tool moves in the direction for reference position return specified in parameter ZMIx (bit 5 of No. 1006). Therefore, the specified intermediate position must be a position to which reference position return is possible.
In an offset mode, the position to be reached by the tool with the G27 command is the position obtained by adding the offset value. Therefore, if the position with the offset value added is not the reference position, the lamp does not light up, but an alarm is displayed instead. Usually, cancel offsets before G27 is commanded.
When the machine tool is an inch system with metric input, the reference position return lamp may also light up even if the programmed position is shifted from the reference position by least input increment. This is because the least input increment of the machine is smaller than its least command increment.
The point that is specific to a machine and serves as the reference of the machine is referred to as the machine zero point. A machine tool builder sets a machine zero point for each machine. A coordinate system with a machine zero point set as its origin is referred to as a machine coordinate system. A machine coordinate system is set by performing manual reference position return after power-on (see III-3.1). A machine coordinate system, once set, remains unchanged until the power is turned off.
G53 ~P _ ;
~P _; Absolute dimension word
When a position has been specified as a set of machine coordinates, the tool moves to that position by means of rapid traverse. G53, used for selecting the machine coordinate system, is a one-shot G code. Any commands based on the selected machine coordinate system are thus effective only in the block containing G53. The G53 command must be specified using absolute values. If incremental values are specified, the G53 command is ignored. When the tool is to be moved to a machine-specific position such as a tool change position, program the movement in a machine coordinate system based on G53. When the G53 command is specified, cancel the tool nose radius compensation and tool offset.
Since the machine coordinate system must be set before the G53 command is specified, at least one manual reference position return or automatic reference position return by the G28 command must be performed after the power is turned on. This is not necessary when an absolute-position detector is attached. When manual reference position return is performed after power-on, a machine coordinate system is set so that the reference position is at the coordinate values of (a, β) set using parameter No.1240.
With the G10 command, each workpiece coordinate system can be changed separately. By specifying G50IP_;, a workpiece coordinate system (selected with a code from G54 to G59) is shifted to set a new workpiece coordinate system so that the current tool position matches the specified coordinates (ľP_). If IP is an incremental command value, the work coordinate system is defined so that the current tool position coincides with the result of adding the specified incremental value to the coordinates of the previous tool position. (Coordinate system shift) Then, the amount of coordinate system shift is added to all the workpiece zero point offset values. This means that all the workpiece coordinate systems are shifted by the same amount.
Here's the list of entries you provided:
- Spindle number 10-9
- Spindle position method 8-68
- Start of symbolic FAPT programming 3-2
- Starting an animated simulation 3-125
- Subcycle function 3-138
- Submemory initialization 6-1
- Submemory 4-1
- Supplementary 7-39
- Surplus thickness and blank 7-51
- Surplus Thickness 7-51
- Symbolic FAPT 3-1
- System parameter table A1-10
- System parameter, MTF, setting data 4-5
- System parameter, MTF, tool data, setting data, drawing data 4-11
- System parameter 3-161, 7-33, 9-44, 10-7, 12-2, 12-16
- Threading depth 7-58
- Threading direction 7-57
- Threading 7-57
- Tool data and tooling information A2-53
- Tool data display and setting 5-9
- Tool data for C-axis machining 8-19
- Tool data input/output format 5-13
- Tool data screen 12-6
- Tool data setting A2-33
- Tool data, tooling information 3-61, 5-8, 8-36, 9-23, 10-8, 12-16, A2-9
- Tool figure and setting method 7-40
- Tool figure data and setting method 5-20
- Tool path in finish cutting and semi-finish cutting 7-64
- Tool path 7-53
- Tooling information display and setting 5-15
- Tooling information 12-16
- Type of NC data 8-68
- Using the automatic process determination function 3-152
- Utilization of direct input of tool offset value 7-17
- Various functions of symbolic FAPT 7-1
- Vertical lathe setting method 5-31
