Heidenhain TNC 410 for LATHE

TNC Models, Software, and Features: This manual describes functions and features provided by the TNCs with the following NC software numbers.

- TNC 410: 286 060 xx (TNC 426 CB, TNC 426 PB: 280 472 xx)
- TNC 426 CF, TNC 426 PF: 280 473 xx
- TNC 430 CA, TNC 430 PA: 280 472 xx
- TNC 430 CE, TNC 430 PE: 280 473 xx

The suffixes E and F indicate the export versions of the TNC, which have the following limitations:
- Linear movement is possible in no more than 4 axes simultaneously.

The machine builder adapts the usable features of the TNC to their machine by setting machine parameters. Therefore, some of the functions described in this manual may not be among the features provided by your machine tool. Functions that may not be available on your machine include:
- Probing function for the 3D touch probe
- Digitizing option
- Tool measurement with the TT 120
- Rigid tapping
- Returning to the contour after an interruption

For specific implementations of the control on your machine, please contact the machine tool builder.

**Operating Modes:**

- **Manual Operation and Electronic Handwheel Modes:**
  - The Manual Operation mode is required for setting up the machine, allowing manual positioning of the machine axes, setting datums, and tilting the working plane.
  - The Electronic Handwheel mode of operation allows manual movement of the machine axes with the HR electronic handwheel.

- **Test Run:**
  - In the Test Run mode of operation, the TNC checks programs for errors and is graphically supported.

- **Program Run, Full Sequence, and Program Run, Single Block:**
  - In the Program Run, Full Sequence mode of operation, the TNC executes a part program continuously or until a stop is reached, with the ability to resume program run after an interruption.
  - In the Program Run, Single Block mode of operation, each block of the program is executed separately by pressing the machine START button.

**Accessories:**

- **HEIDENHAIN 3D Touch Probes:**
  - These probes enable various functions such as automatic workpiece alignment, datum setting, workpiece measurement, 3D surface digitization, and tool measurement and inspection.

- **Electronic Handwheels:**
  - HR electronic handwheels facilitate precise manual movement of axis slides, with a range of traverses per handwheel revolution.

**Fundamentals of NC:**

- **Position Encoders and Reference Marks:**
  - Machine axes are equipped with position encoders that register positions, and reference marks are used to restore positions after power interruptions.

- **Reference System:**
  - A reference system is needed to define positions in a plane or in space, based on Cartesian or polar coordinates.

This manual provides detailed information on the functions, operating modes, accessories, and fundamentals of NC for the mentioned TNC models, enabling efficient operation and programming of milling, drilling, and boring machines.

**Selecting the Datum:**

A production drawing identifies a certain point on the workpiece—usually a corner—as the absolute datum. Before setting the datum, you align the workpiece with the machine axes and move the tool in each axis to a known position relative to the workpiece. You then set the TNC display to either zero or a predetermined position value. This establishes the reference system for the workpiece, which will be used for the TNC display and your part program.

If the production drawing is dimensioned in relative coordinates, simply use the coordinate transformation cycles. For further information, refer to section 8.8 "Coordinate Transformation Cycles".

If the production drawing is not dimensioned for NC, set the datum at a position or corner on the workpiece, which is the most suitable for deducing the dimensions of the remaining workpiece positions. The fastest, easiest, and most accurate way of setting the datum is by using a 3-D touch probe from HEIDENHAIN. For further information, refer to section 12.2 "Setting the Datum with a 3-D Touch Probe".

**Example:**
The workpiece drawing at right illustrates the holes to 1, which are dimensioned to an absolute datum with the coordinates X=0 Y=0. The holes to 1 are referenced to a relative datum with the absolute coordinates X=450 Y=750. By using the DATUM SHIFT cycle, you can shift the datum temporarily to the position X=450, Y=750 and program the holes 1 to 1 without any further calculations.

**File Management: Fundamentals:**

**Files:**
When you write a part program on the TNC, you must first enter a file name. The TNC then stores the program as a file with the same name. You can also store text and tables as files.

The TNC provides a special file management window in which you can easily find and manage your files. Here you can call, copy, rename, and erase files.

In the TNC 410, you can manage a maximum of 64 files with a total of up to 128 KB. The TNC 426 B, TNC 430 can manage any number of files. Their total size, however, may not exceed 1.5 GB.

**File Names:**
The name of a file can have up to 16 characters (TNC 410: 8 characters). When you store programs, tables, and texts as files, the TNC adds an extension to the file name, separated by a point. This extension identifies the file type (see table at right).

**Data Backup:**
We recommend saving newly written programs and files on a PC at regular intervals. You can do this with the cost-free backup program TNCBACK.EXE from HEIDENHAIN. Your machine tool builder can provide you with a copy of TNCBACK.EXE.

In addition, you need a floppy disk on which all machine-specific data, such as PLC program, machine parameters, etc., are stored. Please contact your machine tool builder for more information on both the backup program and the floppy disk.

Saving the contents of the entire hard disk (up to 1.5 GB) can take up to several hours. In this case, it is a good idea to save the data outside of work hours (e.g., overnight) or to use the PARALLEL EXECUTE function to copy in the background while you work.

**Enhanced File Management:**

**Directories:**
To ensure that you can easily find your files, we recommend that you organize your hard disk into directories. You can divide a directory up into further directories, which are called subdirectories.

The TNC can manage up to 6 directory levels! If you save more than 512 files in one directory, the TNC no longer sorts them alphabetically!

**Directory Names:**
The name of a directory can contain up to 8 characters and does not have an extension. If you enter more than 8 characters for the directory name, the TNC will shorten the name to 8 characters.

**Paths:**
A path indicates the drive and all directories and subdirectories under which a file is saved. The individual names are separated by the symbol "\".

The chart illustrates an example of a directory display with different paths.

6.1 Overview of Too1 Movements
Path functíons
A workpiece contour is usually composed of several contour
elements such as straight lines and circular ares. With the path
functions, you can program the tool movements for straíght línes
and círcular ares.
Míscellaneous functions M
With the TNC's miscellaneous functions you can affect
program run, such as a program interruption
machine functions, such as switching spindle rotation and coolant
supply on and off
contouring behavior of the too1.
subprograms and program sectíon repeats
1f a machining sequence occurs several times in a program, you can
save time and reduce the chance of programming errors by
entering the sequence once and then defining it as a subprogram
or program section repeat. 1f you wish to execute a specific program section only under certain conditions, you also defìne this
machining sequence as a subprogram. 1n addition, you can have a
part program ca11 a separate program for execution.
How subprograms and program section repeats are used in
programming is described in Chapter 9.
Programming with Q parameters
lnstead of programming numerical values in a part program, you
enter markers called Q parameters. You assign the values to the Q
parameters separately with the Q parameter functions. You can use
the Q parameters for programming mathematical functions that
control program execution or describe a contour.
1n addition, parametric programming enables you to measure with
the 3-D touch probe during program run.
Programming with Q parameter is described in Chapter 10.

Entering miscellaneous functions (M functions) on the TNC allows you to control various aspects of program execution, machine functions, and contouring behavior. Here's a breakdown of how to use and apply M functions:

### Basics of M Functions:
- **Entering M Functions:** You can enter an M function either within a positioning block or as a separate block.
- **Parameter Entry:** For certain M functions, the TNC may prompt you to enter parameters after pressing the "ENT" key.
- **Usage Modes:** M functions can be entered in Manual and Electronic Handwheel operating modes.

### Behavior with M91 and M92:
- **Standard Behavior:** Coordinates are referenced to the workpiece datum.
- **M91 - Machine Datum:** Coordinates in a block are referenced to the machine datum.
- **M92 - Additional Machine Datum:** Refers coordinates to an additional machine-based reference point defined by the machine tool builder.

### Miscellaneous Functions for Contouring Behavior:
- **M90 - Smoothing Corners:** Allows the tool to move smoothly at corners with constant speed, providing a continuous surface and reducing machining time.
- **M112 - Contour Transitions:** Inserts a selectable contour transition between contour elements, smoothing transitions and reducing velocity jumps.

### Additional Considerations:
- **Parameter Adjustments:** You can adjust the behavior of M112 by redefining machine parameters.
- **Tolerance Values:** Define tolerance values (T) and tolerance angles (A) to control contour deviation and transition smoothing.
- **Entering M112:** You can enter M112 in a positioning block, defining tolerance values and angles either directly or through Q parameters.

### Effects and Cancellation:
- **Effect of M Functions:** M functions come into effect in the block in which they are called.
- **Cancellation:** M functions are typically canceled in a subsequent block or at the end of the program. To cancel M112, for example, you enter M113.

Understanding and effectively using M functions enhances control and precision in CNC machining operations, allowing for smoother tool movements, improved contouring behavior, and optimized machining times.

Contour filter: M124 (notTNC 426 B, TNC 430)
Standard behavior
The TNC includes all available points in its calculation of a contour transition between contour elements.
Behavior with M124
You can adjust the effect of M124 by redefining machine parameters.
The TNC filters contour elements with small point spacing and inserts a transitional contour.
Shape of contour transition
Tangential circle: MP7415.0 = 0
An acceleration jump results from the change in the curvature at the connection points.
Third-degree polynomial (cubic spline): MP7415.0 = 1
There is no velocity jump at the connection points.
Fifth-degree polynomial: MP7415.0 = 2
There is no acceleration jump at the connection points.
Seventh-degree polynomial: MP7415.0 = 3 (standard setting)
There is no jump in the rate of acceleration change.
Rounding of contour transitions
Do not round the contour transition: MP7415.1 = 0
Execute the contour transition as defined in MP7415.0 (standard contour transition: 7th-degree polynomial)
Round the contour transition: MP7415.1 = 1
Execute the contour transition so that the straight line segments remaining between the contour transitions are also rounded.
Maximum length of a contour element
With parameter T, you define the length up to which the TNC will filter out contour elements. If you have defined a permissible contour deviation in M112, the TNC will respect it. If you do not enter a maximum contour deviation, the TNC calculates the most exact contour transition possible without reducing the programmed feed rate.

Machining small contour steps: M97
Standard behavior
The TNC inserts a transition arc at outside corners. If the contour steps are very small, however, the tool would damage the contour.
In such cases, the TNC interrupts program run and generates the error message "Tool radius too large."
Behavior with M97
The TNC calculates the intersection of the contour elements — as at inside corners — and moves the tool over this point.
Effect
M97 is effective only in the blocks in which it is programmed with M97.

Machining open contours: M98
Standard behavior
The TNC calculates the intersections of the cutter paths at inside corners and moves the tool in the new direction at those points.
If the contour is open at the corners, however, this will result in incomplete machining.
Behavior with M98
With the miscellaneous function M98, the TNC temporarily suspends radius compensation to ensure that both corners are completely machined.
Effect
M98 is effective only in the blocks in which it is programmed with M98.
M98 becomes effective at the end of block.

Feed rate factor for plunging movements: M103
Standard behavior
The TNC moves the tool at the last programmed feed rate, regardless of the direction of traverse.
Behavior with M103
The TNC reduces the feed rate when the tool moves in the negative direction of the tool axis. The feed rate for plunging FZMAX is calculated from the last programmed feed rate FPROG and a factor F%:
FZMAX = FPROG x F%
Programming M103
If you enter M103 in a positioning block, the TNC continues the dialog for this block by asking you the factor F.
Effect
M103 becomes effective at the start of block.
To cancel M103, program M103 once again without a factor.

Feed rate at circular areas: M109/M110/M111
Standard behavior
The TNC applies the programmed feed rate to the path of the tool center.
Behavior at circular areas with M109
The TNC adjusts the feed rate for circular areas at inside and outside contours such that the feed rate at the tool cutting edge remains constant.
Behavior at circular areas with M110
The TNC keeps the feed rate constant for circular areas at inside contours only. At outside contours, the feed rate is not adjusted.
M110 is also effective for the inside machining of circular areas using contour cycles.
Effect
M109 and M110 become effective at the start of the block.
To cancel M109 or M110, enter M111.

Calculating the radius-compensated path in advance (LOOKAHEAD): M120
Standard behavior
If the tool radius is larger than the contour step that is to be machined with radius compensation, the TNC interrupts program run and generates an error message. Although you can use M97 to inhibit the error message (see "Machining small contour steps: M97"), this will result in dwell marks and will also move the corner.
If the programmed contour contains undercut features, the tool may damage the contour.
Behavior with M120
The TNC checks radius-compensated paths for contour undercuts and tool path intersections and calculates the tool path in advance from the current block. Areas of the contour that might be damaged by the tool are not machined. You can also use M120 to calculate the radius compensation for digitized data or data created on an external programming system. This means that deviations from the theoretical tool radius can be compensated.
Use LA (Look Ahead) behind M120 to define the number of blocks (maximum: 99) that you want the TNC to calculate in advance. Note that the larger the number of blocks you choose, the higher the block processing time will be.
Input
If you enter M120 in a positioning block, the TNC continues the dialog for this block by asking you the number of blocks LA that are to be calculated in advance.
Effect
M120 must be located in an NC block that also contains radius compensation RL or RR. M120 is then effective from this block until radius compensation is canceled, or M120 LA0 is programmed, or M120 is programmed without LA.
Call another program with %...
M120 becomes effective at the start of block.
Limitations (only TNC 426 B, TNC 430)
After an external or internal stop, you can only re-enter the contour with the function RESTORE POS. AT N.
If you are using the path functions G25 and G24, the blocks before and after G25 or CHF must contain only coordinates of the working plane.

Superimposing handwheel positioning during program run: M118 (not TNC 410)
Standard behavior
In the program run modes, the TNC moves the tool as defined in the part program.
Behavior with M118
M118 permits manual corrections by handwheel during program run.
You can use this miscellaneous function by entering axis-specific values X, Y, and Z (in mm) behind M118.
Programming M118
If you enter M118 in a positioning block, the TNC continues the dialog for this block by asking you the axis-specific values. The coordinates are entered with the orange axis direction buttons on the ASCII keyboard.
Effect
Cancel handwheel positioning by programming M118 once again without X, Y, and Z.
M118 becomes effective at the start of block.

Miscellaneous Functions for Rotary Axes
Feed rate in mm/min on rotary axes A, B, C: M116 (not TNC 410)
Standard behavior
The TNC interprets the programmed feed rate in a rotary axis in degrees per minute. The contouring feed rate therefore depends on the distance from the tool center to the center of the rotary axis. The larger this distance becomes, the greater the contouring feed rate.
Feed rate in mm/min on rotary axes with

 M116
The TNC interprets the programmed feed rate in a rotary axis in mm/min. With this miscellaneous function, the TNC calculates the feed rate for each block at the start of the individual block. The feed rate is not changed during execution of the block even if the tool moves toward the center of the rotary axis.
Effect
M116 is effective in the working plane and is automatically canceled at the end of the program.
The machine geometry must be entered in machine parameters 7510 ff. by the machine tool builder.
M116 becomes effective at the start of block.

Shorter-path traverse of rotary axes: M126
Standard behavior
The standard behavior of the TNC while positioning rotary axes whose display has been reduced to values less than 360° is dependent on machine parameter 7682. If machine parameter 7682 is set, the TNC should consider the difference between nominal and actual position, or whether the TNC should always (even without M126) choose the shortest path traverse to the programmed position. The table at upper right shows examples.
Behavior with M126
With M126, the TNC will move the axis on the shorter path of traverse if you reduce display of a rotary axis to a value less than 360°. The table at lower right shows examples.
Effect
M126 becomes effective at the start of block. To cancel M126, enter M127. At the end of program, M126 is automatically canceled.

Reducing display of a rotary axis to a value less than 360°: M94
Standard behavior
The TNC moves the tool from the current angular value to the programmed angular value.
Example:
Current angular value: 538°
Programmed angular value: 1800
Actual distance of traverse: -358°
Behavior with M94
At the start of block, the TNC first reduces the current angular value to a value less than 360° and then moves the tool to the programmed value. If several rotary axes are active, M94 will reduce the display of all rotary axes. To have the TNC reduce the display for a specific rotary axis only, enter the axis after M94.
Example NC blocks
To reduce display of all active rotary axes:
Translate everything word for word into English. Don't skip anything.

Automatic compensation of machine geometry with tilted axes (M114):
Standard behavior:
The TNC moves the tool to the positions specified in the part program. If the position of a tilted axis changes, the resulting offset in the linear axes must be calculated manually and traversed in a positioning block. Each NC program must be calculated separately for each machine tool, taking into account its specific geometry.
Behavior with M114:
When the position of a controlled tilted axis changes in the program, the TNC automatically compensates for the tool offset using 3-D length compensation. Additionally, the TNC automatically compensates for machine-specific offsets based on the geometry set in machine parameters. This means that programs only need to be calculated once by the postprocessor, even if they are run on different machines with TNC control.
If your machine tool does not have controlled tilted axes, you can manually enter the current valid swivel head position after M114 (e.g., M114 B+45, with O parameters permitted). However, radius compensation must still be calculated by a CAD system or postprocessor, as programmed radius compensation RL/RR will result in an error message.
When tool length compensation is calculated by the TNC, the programmed feed rate refers to the tool point. Otherwise, it refers to the tool datum. If your machine tool is equipped with a swivel head that can be tilted under program control, you can interrupt program run to change the position of the tilted axis, and the TNC will automatically calculate the new position if M114 is active.

Maintaining the position of the tool tip when positioning with tilted axes (TCPM*) (M128):
Standard behavior:
The TNC moves the tool to the positions specified in the part program. If the position of a tilted axis changes, the resulting offset in the linear axes must be calculated and traversed in a positioning block.
Behavior with M128:
When the position of a controlled tilted axis changes in the program, the position of the tool tip relative to the workpiece remains the same. This means that the TNC automatically compensates for any changes in the tilted axis position, allowing the tool tip to maintain its position relative to the workpiece.
If you wish to use the handwheel to change the position of the tilted axis during program run, you can do so while M128 is active. However, note that M128 can only be used with ball-nose cutters, and the tool length must be related to the ball center.
Reset M128 before positioning with M91 or M92 and before a TOOL CALL.

DRILLING (Cycle G200)
1 The TNC positions the tool in the tool axis at rapid traverse to the
set-up clearance above the workpiece surface.
2 The tool drills to the first plunging depth at the programmed feed
rate F.
3 The TNC returns the tool at rapid traverse to the setup clearance,
dwells there (if a dwell time was entered), and then moves at
rapid traverse to the setup clearance above the first plunging
depth.
4 The tool then advances with another infeed at the programmed
feed rate F.
5 The TNC repeats this process (2 to 4) until the programmed total
hole depth is reached.
6 At the hole bottom, the tool path is retraced to set-up clearance
or, if programmed, to the 2nd set-up clearance in rapid traverse.

REAMING (Cycle G201)
1 The TNC positions the tool in the tool axis at rapid traverse to the
input set-up clearance above the workpiece surface.
2 The tool reams to the entered depth at the programmed feed
rate F.
3 If programmed, the tool remains at the hole bottom for the
entered dwell time.
4 The tool then retracts to set-up clearance at the feed rate F and
from there — if programmed — to the 2nd set-up clearance in
rapid traverse.

BORING (Cycle G202)
1 The TNC positions the tool in the tool axis at rapid traverse to setup clearance above the workpiece surface.
2 The tool drills to the programmed depth at the feed rate for
plunging.
3 If programmed, the tool remains at the hole bottom for the
entered dwell time with active spindle rotation for cutting free.
4 The TNC then orients the spindle to the 0° position
with an oriented spindle stop.
5 If retraction is selected, the tool retracts in the programmed
direction by 0.2 mm (fixed value).
6 The tool then retracts to set-up clearance at the retraction rate,
and from there — if programmed — to the 2nd set-up
clearance in rapid traverse.

UNIVERSAL DRILLING (Cycle G203)
1 The TNC positions the tool in the tool axis at rapid traverse to the
input set-up clearance above the workpiece surface.
2 The tool drills to the first plunging depth at the programmed feed
rate F.
3 If you have programmed chip breaking, the tool then retracts by
the setup clearance. If you are working without chip breaking, the
tool retracts at the RETRACTION FEED RATE to setup clearance,
remains there — if programmed — for the entered dwell time,
and advances again in rapid traverse to the setup clearance above
the first plunging depth.
4 The tool then advances with another infeed at the programmed
feed rate. If programmed, the plunging depth is decreased after
each infeed by the decrement.
5 The TNC repeats this process (2 to 4) until the programmed total
hole depth is reached.
6 The tool remains at the hole bottom — if programmed — for the
entered DWELLTIME to cut free, and then retracts to set-up
clearance at the retraction feed rate. If you have entered a 2nd
set-up clearance, the tool subsequently moves to that position in
rapid traverse.

BACK BORING (Cycle G204)
1 The TNC positions the tool in the tool axis at rapid traverse to setup clearance above the workpiece surface.
2 The TNC then orients the spindle to the 0° position
with an oriented spindle stop, and displaces the tool by the offcenter distance.
3 The tool is then plunged into the already bored hole at the feed
rate for pre-positioning until the tooth has reached set-up
clearance on the underside of the workpiece.
4 The TNC then centers the tool again over the bore hole, switches
on the spindle and the coolant and moves at the feed rate for
counterboring to the depth of counterbore.
5 If a dwell time is entered, the tool will pause at the top of the
bore hole and will then be retracted from the hole again. The TNC
carries out another oriented spindle stop and the tool is once
again displaced by the off-center distance.
6 The tool then retracts to set-up clearance at the pre-positioning
feed rate, and from there — if programmed — to the 2nd set-up
clearance in rapid traverse.

TAPPING with a floating tap holder (Cycle G84)
1 The tool drills to the total hole depth in one movement.
2 Once the tool has reached the total hole depth, the direction of
spindle rotation is reversed and the tool is retracted to the
starting position at the end of the DWELLTIME.
3 At the starting position, the direction of spindle rotation reverses
once again.

THREAD CUTTING (Cycle G86, not TNC 410)
Cycle G86 THREAD CUTTING is performed by means of spindle
control. The tool moves with the active spindle speed from its
current position to the entered depth. As soon as it reaches the end
of thread, spindle rotation is stopped. Tool approach and departure
must be programmed separately. The most convenient way to do
this is by using OEM cycles. The machine tool builder can give you
further information.